Test of Playfulness- Persian Version: Psychometric Evaluation in Children with Typical Development and Neurodevelopmental Disorders.

Researchers tested a Persian version of a play assessment tool with 225 children, including those with autism and ADHD. The tool showed good reliability and could tell the difference between children with different conditions. This means it could be useful for understanding how children with autism or ADHD play differently, which is important for therapy planning.

This psychometric study evaluated the Persian version of the Test of Playfulness (ToP) in 225 children with typical development, autism spectrum disorder, and ADHD. The study examined reliability, validity, and factor structure of this culturally adapted assessment tool. Results demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.80-0.99), good to excellent internal consistency (α = 0.80-0.93), and strong concurrent validity with movement motivation measures. The tool successfully differentiated between diagnostic groups and showed appropriate developmental patterns.

Factor analysis revealed distinct structures for different ToP scales, supporting the tool's multidimensional nature for assessing playfulness in diverse populations.

The Persian ToP provides a reliable, culturally appropriate tool for assessing playfulness in children with autism and ADHD. This can inform intervention planning and help therapists understand cultural factors affecting play development in diverse populations.

Virtual data collection presented challenges. Snowball recruitment may have introduced sampling bias. Study was limited to a narrow age range (mean 57.3 months). Sample characteristics and exact methods were not fully detailed in the abstract.

Given that play is shaped by cultural contexts, a culturally adapted tool is essential for evaluating playfulness-the essence of play. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Test of Playfulness (ToP). Participants included 225 children (146 boys, 79 girls; mean age = 57.3 ± 12.76 months) with typical development, autism spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The full sample was used for factor analysis, internal consistency, item analysis, and concurrent validity.

Subsamples were used for rater reliability, discriminant validity, and developmental construct validity. Exploratory factor analysis identified one factor for the extent and intensity scales, and two for the skillfulness scale. Rater reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.80-0.99). Internal consistency was good to excellent (α = 0.80-0.93).

High correlations with the Children's Movement Motivation Questionnaire supported concurrent validity ( = 0.72-0.77). All scales significantly differentiated among groups, confirming discriminant validity. Only the skillfulness scale showed significant differences across age groups, supporting developmental validity. The Persian ToP demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity, supporting its potential utility in clinical and research contexts.

Limitations included virtual data collection challenges, sampling bias from snowball recruitment, and the narrow age range.