Autism Spectrum Disorder: From Experimental Models to Probiotic Application with a Special Focus on.

This review looks at autism research, focusing on how gut health might affect autism symptoms. Scientists have studied autism using mouse models and looked for ways to diagnose it better. The research suggests that probiotics (helpful bacteria) might improve stomach problems and some behaviors in people with autism by improving communication between the gut and brain. However, more large studies are needed to prove how well probiotics work and figure out the best ways to use them.

This systematic review examines autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research focusing on experimental models, biomarkers, and probiotic interventions. The authors explore murine models used in ASD research, diagnostic biomarkers, and the therapeutic potential of probiotics, particularly specific strains, in modulating gut-brain axis communication. The review highlights that ASD involves complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, with inflammatory processes, endocannabinoid system dysfunction, and intestinal microbiota alterations playing key roles. Evidence suggests probiotics may help ameliorate gastrointestinal and behavioral symptoms in ASD through gut-brain axis modulation, though the authors emphasize the need for larger clinical studies to validate efficacy and establish optimal treatment protocols.

Probiotic supplementation may serve as a complementary therapeutic strategy for ASD-related gastrointestinal and behavioral symptoms. However, clinical implementation should await results from larger randomized controlled trials to establish efficacy, safety, and optimal dosing protocols for different patient populations.

This is a review study without original data. The abstract indicates that large-scale clinical studies are still needed to validate probiotic efficacy and determine optimal treatment protocols. Sample sizes and specific methodological details of reviewed studies are not provided.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encompasses several neurodevelopmental disorders, whose onset is correlated to genetic and environmental factors. Although the etiopathogenesis is not entirely clear, the involvement of inflammatory processes, the endocannabinoid system, and alterations in the permeability and composition of the intestinal microbiota are known to occur. This review systematically explores the literature available to date on the most widely used murine models for the study of ASD, the main biomarkers investigated for the diagnosis of ASD, and the therapeutic potential of probiotics, with a particular focus on the use of strains of()in in vivo models and clinical trials for ASD. Several studies have demonstrated that targeting multifactorial biomarkers in animal models and patients contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying ASD.

Moreover, accumulating evidence supports the beneficial effect of probiotics, including, as a promising alternative therapeutic strategy, capable of modulating gut-brain axis communication. Probiotic supplementation, particularly with selectedstrains, is emerging as a potential complementary approach for ameliorating ASD-related gastrointestinal and behavioral symptoms. However, further large-scale clinical studies are essential to validate their efficacy and determine optimal treatment protocols and dietary strategies.