The role of anxiety in modulating temporal processing and sensory hyperresponsiveness in autism spectrum disorder: an fMRI study.

This brain imaging study looked at how anxiety affects the way autistic people process timing and respond to sensory information. Researchers found that autistic participants showed different brain responses compared to non-autistic people when doing timing tasks with emotional faces. Higher anxiety levels in autistic participants were linked to increased sensory sensitivity. The study suggests that anxiety may play a key role in explaining why many autistic people experience sensory overwhelm.

This fMRI study examined how anxiety influences temporal processing and sensory hyperresponsiveness in 25 individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to 25 typically developing participants. Researchers used a visual temporal order judgment task with emotional face cues. Results showed that fearful facial expressions enhanced temporal processing in typically developing individuals but not in those with ASD, suggesting disrupted emotion-timing neural circuits in autism. In the ASD group, anxiety levels correlated with both emotion-cued task performance and sensory hyperresponsiveness.

Neuroimaging revealed different brain activation patterns between groups, with anxiety mediating the relationship between right angular gyrus activation and sensory hyperresponsiveness in ASD participants.

Findings suggest that addressing anxiety in autism interventions may help reduce sensory hyperresponsiveness. The disrupted emotion-timing circuits identified could inform targeted therapeutic approaches. However, further research is needed to validate these findings and develop specific intervention strategies.

Small sample size (25 per group) limits generalizability. Single-session design cannot establish causal relationships. The study focuses on visual temporal processing only, which may not represent all sensory modalities. Cross-sectional design prevents understanding of developmental trajectories.

The atypical sensory features and high comorbidity of anxiety disorders in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are attracting increasing attention. Among individuals with ASD, those who exhibit heightened sensory hyperresponsiveness tend to show enhanced temporal processing of sensory stimuli, despite no observed differences in stimulus detection thresholds. A previous study reported the role of anxiety in modulating emotion-cued changes of visual temporal resolution in ASD. Building on this, we hypothesized that elevated anxiety might contribute to increased activation of neural circuits for timing perception and sensory hyperresponsiveness.

This study included 25 individuals with ASD and 25 typically developed (TD) participants. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined neural activity during a visual temporal order judgment task pre-cued by facial emotions. In the TD group, but not the ASD group, the presence of fearful facial expressions enhanced temporal processing. However, a correlation of anxiety levels with emotion-cued task performance and sensory hyperresponsiveness, respectively, was evident in the ASD group.

In the TD group, neuroimaging revealed greater activation of the right caudate compared with that in the ASD group and a functional connectivity between the amygdala and left supramarginal gyrus. Individuals with ASD showed a relationship between anxiety level and activation of the right angular gyrus. Moreover, anxiety mediated the link between right angular gyrus activation and sensory hyperresponsiveness in the ASD group. These findings suggest that enhancement of temporal processing by fear-related cues-reflecting an emotion-timing neural circuit-may be disrupted in individuals with ASD.

Heightened anxiety and sensory hyperresponsiveness in ASD may be mediated by brain regions involved in timing perception.